Screen Writing for Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Screen Writing for Television - Essay ExampleThe positive aspect is that things would change for the better as soon as the boom period arrives for the screenwriters. The hiring companies will have to pay the price of cost-cutting later. The change in current trends in the TV industry for screenwriters can be seen in primarily three fields. First, the reward for writers job has got curtailed. Reputed writers can still command the desired price. They can still get their quote, but on that points a resistance to paying it, as companies are not as willing and eager to pay as they used to be out front the slump. Negotiation has become tougher these days irrespective of the rank and esteem of the writer. Some of the writers quotes have become doubtful it has become harder to negotiate (Mazin, 2009).A view of the negotiate with the writers squad shows that the team members need to show bravery and selflessness to clinch a favorable deal to write the IPA. The meeting between the guild me mbers and the writers team supported by WCG in Canada speaks of writers passion for their craft, enforced with the facts and numbers made available by WCG people that work in the refers of the screenwriters. The environment at the bargain table is no less harsh, similar to as it can happen with some face-to-face meeting with the workers union. Things do not move for the better with from each one day passing in the bargaining process with some members of the writers team disappointing the team. Failure to reach a contract by all interest groups should not be random practice considering that the business volume touched the mark of $2.39 billion in production in 2010/2011 in the Canadian TV and films market (CDN Screenwriter, 2012).Secondly, the trend of one step deal with the writers is on the high. Some production studios do not provide any other choice for writers. Thirdly, the accuse of work has increased greatly to get a job as a screenwriter.

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Microeconomics - Essay ExampleOne of the main singularitys of perfect competition includes sale of homogenous goods where all slosheds in the foodstuff same the same good. The second quality of perfect competitive market is perfect information where all sellers and buyers if goods know the price of the good and an increase in price by the seller will result in zero gross revenue.Monopoly is a market structure consisting of one seller and many buyers hence, the seller has arrive maker power on price and quantity. The main characteristic of this market is the lack of close substitutes hence, the users have to purchase from the firm at the price. The second characteristic of monopoly is high barriers of entry that could be as a result of high capital requirement, ownership of production resources by the firm, natural causes, and government offer of genius license to the firm ensuring presence of abnormal bring ins in the long-run in a monopoly market.Oligopoly defines a market st ructure characterized by few boastfully firms operating in the market hence the decision of a firm affects other firms in the market. A characteristic of an oligopoly is aggressive and defensive advertising to suss out buyers get information on the products and give a firm advantage over the other firms in the market. The other characteristic is price rigidity, since when one firm increase price other firms may not follow suit leading to loss of sales by the firm with an increased prices and augmented sales for the other firms.Monopolistic competition consists of a market structure consisting of firms with a degree of market power owing to the production of non-perfectly substitutable goods, and the aim of the firms is profit maximization. A characteristic of monopolistic competition is free entry of firms ensuring the economic profits in the long-run are reduced to normal profits. The second characteristic is that firms produce differentiated products allowing for a certain degre e of market power since the goods cannot be

New Garments Business Plan Essay Example for Free

New Garments Business Plan EssayThough agriculture has always been the one of the most anticipate sectors in budgets, discussions, lectures and books but in true sense garments industry in Bangladesh is the most essential sector in terms of employment of comparatively little educated people.Employing almost 4.2 million people of whom 80% are women and thus contributing to empowerment of rural women.Let alone employment even if we think foreign currency inflow this has been one of the most potential source. RMG covers around 80% of the original foreign exchange earnings of Bangladesh. According to a keep an eye on it contributes around 8 billion dollars which is around 13% of GDP. Starting in 1970s earning from it has increased by 8 times which is around 16.5% per annum.SWOT abstractWeakness1. Limited financial enthronement,2. Insufficient infrastructural facility,3. Less educated work-force4. Negative impression on foreign buyers due to both political and unrest inwardly the industry among the labor5. Lack of legal enforcement6. Lack of brand awareness7. PovertyThreats1. High level of inflation2. China, Pakistan and India.3. Increasing competition4. Capital investment availability,5. Political instability6. Corruption7. Workplace unrestStrengths1. Labor intensive industry and labor make up is cheaper in Bangladesh compared to most countries2. Plenty of labor ready(prenominal)3. Quality products4. Competitive pricingOpportunities1. Becoming a major hub2. Tax reduction/govt. incentives3. Planned Infrastructural development should improve supply chain a commodeCompany EleganceOur company will be a garment company. Estimations are done based on square fabric ltd and a little company named triplicity fashion wear in Dhaka.VisionProvide prize clothing for every class of people and become one of the tip names in garments sector in the country and abroad as well.MissionCapture and satisfy the needs of customers through cost leadership and quality as surance and thus expand gradually.IntroductionOur company in the initial stage will go for sew together shirts only assuming monthly remove of 4000 shirts. As we will only produce ordered volume so the assumed demand is also our total production in units.We will restrain orders from different garments. As we will do the sewing only we wont be having any inventory cost other than the raw materials. priming behind being the designing and the cutting in these scenarios are normally done by the garment giving the order and we will complete the sewing and the collars. Buttons will be done afterwards elsewhere.For the electrical arrangements such as getting the business line for industrial purpose and placing meters the cost is assumed as 40000 and for wearing, stabilizers for railway cars sockets and other expenditure 40000 more is added with the initial cost.We will have 22 machines for which a 1000-1200 square feet space will be require. For hiring the place advance with first mo nths rent is assumed as 115000.Loan of 200,000(27.54%of initial investment) will be taken at a rate of 15% which is close to 30% of the total investment amount. (Basic bank)(Small scale enterprise The enterprise will be termed as small if in todays market condition the replacement cost of plant, machinery and other components excluding land and building amounts to tk 15 million or less(prenominal)-Policy strategies for small and medium enterprises development in Bangladesh)InventoryThe raw materials should include, chevvys, pastes used in collars and threads. parliamentary law volume will be our production so in that location will be no additional inventory costMachinesTaking the demand into aim we will start with 22 machines of which 18 are single phonograph needle plain machines 2 over locks and two three needle machines.Ratios of plain machine to over locks and three needle is 102Single needle is for basic sewing, three needle takes 1/3 time compared to single needle for obv ious reasons but are very expensive, and over locks are sewing machines with blades that cuts the additional threads after sewing.Changes in demand and consequencesAccording to the owner of the triangle fashion wear in the winter time the demand for shirts decrease by 20-25%.duration of this shortage in demand is around 2 months.During this period there are obvious lay-offs so there is decrease in demand, in salaries and ultimately decrease in COGS and sales as well.Sales and COGSSales growing for our company is taken as 17%, based on the average of 5 years growth in sales of square textiles which is close to 20% and of triangle fashion wear which is close to 15%.As for COGS, for our company the growth assumed is 10%.for square text. Average growth in cogs is less than 15.NWC is assumed as 15% of sale for our company for each of five years. For square text. It is close to 18%.Salvage valueFor the over locks and single needle SV is assumed at an average of 5500tk after 5 years for e ach of the machines and for the 3 needle machine it is 8000 tk eachDepreciation and taxAs for wear and tear we deducted salvage value from total machine cost and deducted the amount by 10 which is the total lifetime for the machines. We used straight line depreciation for the other years.Corporate tax rate is assumed as 35% of the EBT amount.Calculating WACCMarket return of 10% is taken from the stock Bangladesh web site on 12th April, US risk free rate is taken for the measurement which is close to 3% and beta of 1.26 is taken from the stock Bangladesh website as well for the textile industries.Calculating CAPEXCapital expenditure is cipher by summing up all the fixed assets for the 1st year which is close to 7% of the total sales for the comparable year. For the rest of years the growth rate is assumed as same as the sales which is 15%.After that we deducted fixed asset amount of the preliminary year from the amount of current year.4P analysisProductAs we said earlier our only product will be shirts.PricingRate for sewing shirts in the market now is close to 90tk per shirt, we will start with 85tk to capture the market in the first place and then will focus on maintaining the quality.As we will only sew shirts so the calculated cost for each shirt will also be our production cost/unit.it is calculated as 49.5 by dividing COGS by demand. PromotionPromotionWe will do it by ourselves as the owner of the business so we wont be having any additional cost for advertising and there will be experienced supervisors too, to initiate promotion.Place/Location and deliveryWe will choose a place close to the companies we are expecting to get orders from.For the delivery of raw products to us and delivery of the sewed shirts to the companies ordering, companies themselves will be responsible.so again there will be no additional transportation cost for our company.

The Sweet Old Lady Called Grandma Essay Example for Free

The Sweet Old Lady Called Grandma EssayWarm, friendly, sweet, generous, and kind-hearted these words cannot describe my grandmother enough, but they are greatly stressed in defining her beautiful character. Her short, black hair resulted in frizzy hair due to her frequent hair-dying. When walking by the kitchen I would see a tiny head of thick hair leveled with the counter, which reminded my grandmother and everyone else of how short she was. Her thin wrinkles extended and multiplied near the corners of her eyes and around her let the cat out of the bag when she smiled and revealed fairly straight and white teeth for a grandmother. I found her smile shy, cute, sweet, and friendly. Her brown eyes reminded me of the same eyes searching for me in the aeonian games of hide and seek years ago as a little child. My grandmother wasnt your classic grandmother. She didnt knit scarves, do jig-saw puzzles, or sew up socks. Things she did find enjoyable doing was cooking and reading her Bible. You would know my grandmother is in the house if you smell deliciousness walking through the front door. other than cooking, my grandmother cleaned up around the house, prayed, or read her Bible for the rest of the time.My grandmother doesnt have the best memory but she recalls reading the full-length bible at least one-hundred times. She was very close in her relationship with God and cared for everyone around her. As far as I would know, my grandmother had no long-holding grudges held against her. My grandmother would also spend well over an hour in prayer for people she hardly knew. I would know because she would lecture me after prayers express me to love my neighbors as she recited verses from the Bible. My grandmother was like a gem that was beautiful both inside and out. She shined through every corner and side, reflecting happy beams of light all over she went. Her presence was extremely illuminating and happiness would spread around her like dominoes heaving eac h other over to an inevitable collapse. Every wizard time I had something to ask my grandmother, she presented me a welcoming smile on her face and asked me to sit down as I would start.

Essay on 1983 Essay Example for Free

Essay on 1983 EssayDifferent dictionaries provide a number of meanings to the word fool. Firstly, the word fool perhaps implies a harum-scarum person, a dumb or even a dunderhead. Apart from these negative connotations to the word fool, the term could also mean, a professional in counterfeiting folly to draw entertainment for other(a)s, a clown, or a jester. Besides, a fool could a character in a script of other literal work that is created and manipulated to feature a fool. In Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare, there are several unconventional fools other than the clown Feste. Feste and the caldron of fools in the play dexterously combine their unusual traits and wits to stimulate other characters into their charade eliciting their own form of foolery. This paper explores the role of the fool in William Shakespeare play, Twelfth Night.To begin with, Feste plays a significant role in the Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare in the Illyrian society. He features a transcende ntal ringleader capable of carnage conventional social hierarchies and leading them in his own views and interests, aside from the intense criticism of his environment. Festes significance in the play is well embedded in his ability to socialize and interact with the nobles and the common with equal ease. In the play, Feste is an employed clown of Olivias late father. Therefore, he is an official fool implying that he is permitted to deal the truth to people surrounding him (Act I. Scene V). This role reflects Feste and truthful fool in this Illyrian society, even though he mirrors a critic of his environment.William Shakespeare also injects body fluid in the play through the characters and mannerism of Feste. For instance, Feste emerges as a conventional fool when he clad as the curate, Sir Topaz. He goes on to visit the lag Malvolio incarnated as Sir Topaz in the company of like fools, Sir Toby and Maria. Shakespeare exerts a shower of humor and wit in the play through the Fes tes charade. Feste humorously abuses the unawares Malvolio of the disguise calling him a Satan and a lunatic (Act IV. Scene II). In a punning twist and turns of words, the in-disguise Feste cum Sir Topaz wittingly confuses Malvolio bringing out the fool in the latter. Incidentally, Malvolio featured as an intentional ruin to peoples pleasure in the play. Therefore, Festes folly dawns an bankable and just behavior among the audience in light of his condemnable actions.Feste represents a genius with words character in the play. He has a knack for humorous repartee and word play. Indeed, this justifies Cesarios verbal description of Feste as the wise fellow to play the fool (3.1.14). Besides, Festes penchant for excellent sizing up situations is salient and significant in the play. He points out other characters folly drawing a couple of bucks and a laugh. For instance, Festes shrewd description of the greedy and drunk Sir Toby in an truthful and humorous mockery justifies to the E lizabethan audience his legitimacy as a licensed fool. Notwithstanding, this folly acts offers an honest insight to the audience of the concealed and dark secrets and aspects of a character in the play.Source document

Summary of Critical Theory

Summary of vituperative possibilityThe Central Claims of Critical TheoryIn order to understand the fundamental claims of Critical Theory, it must first be defined. What is Critical Theory? Critical Theory first coined as such in 1937 is a name given to a series of new approaches to the study of culture, literature and thought that failed during the 1960s primarily in France (Leitch, 2001). It refers to a series of pathways for intellectual inquiry that first emerged with the end of the eighteenth century europiuman Enlightenment (mid 1600s to late 1700s) (Nowlan, 2001) in which the causes associated with it were legal equality, the right of ordinary Europeans to hold their rulers to account, the rule of law, transparent government, freedom of expression, the right of nations to self-determination and to freedom from colonial domination and they are as relevant today as they were two hundred years ago (Glendening, 2003). Critical conjecture questions and challenges that which visualizems obvious, inborn and simple in the world near us the conviction that what is, or what is in the process of becoming, or what appears to be, or what is most commonly understood to be, or necessary and inevitable it does non accept any of this (Nowlan).The capital of Kentucky School is the name given to a naval division of German Jewish intellectuals associated with the Institute for affectionate Research (Institut fur Sozialforschung) founded in 1923. Their march was an attempt to integrate psychoanalytic insights and the do main(prenominal) of culture into a Marxist analysis of twentieth century societies. The group composite was that of thinkers such as Horkheimer, Adorno and Marcuse (Agger, 1993). According to these theorists a exact opening may be distinguished from a traditional theory according to a specific practical purpose a theory is critical to the extent that it seeks kind-hearted emancipation, to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them (Horkheimer, 1982, 244). Theories aim to explain and turn circumstances critical theories provide the descriptive and normative bases for loving inquiry aimed at decreasing domination and increasing freedom in their forms. A light is given to what is not clearly understood or is questionable.Theories arise in many ranges anthropology, film, religion, linguistics and political science and even family lifestyle. Critical theory is not a system, nor it is reducible to any fixed set of proscriptions (Bronner, 2002). Today, kindly theory is in crisis because of growing dissatisfaction with the dominant methodologies and conceptions of hearty theory and investigate. The 1960s is when Stephen Eric Bronner became interested in critical theory as new theoretical paradigms emerged that questioned prevailing quantitative, empiricist, and positivist conceptions of social theory. But where did the central claim of critical theory begin?Since the Frankfort School was the fir st Marxist-oriented research center affiliated with a major German university directed by Carl Grunberg, it tended to be semiempirical, historical, and oriented toward problems of the European turning class movement. Works by Karl Korsch, Georg Lukacs and others too had works published in its journal Archiv fur die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung. Grunberg retired in 1930 and Max Horkheimer became the director. Under Horkheimer, the Institute desire to develop an interdisciplinary social theory which could serve as an instrument of social transformation publishing a journal Zeitschrift fur Sozialforschung (1932-1941) that contained a healthy collection of articles and book reviews. These compilations detailed social theory and defined any misconceptions of their meaning.Horkheimer, upon assuming his position as Director, delivered an inaugural address on January 24, 1931, entitled The utter of Social Philosophy and the Tasks of an Institute for Social Resear ch (Bronner and Keller 1989 25-36). Within the contents of the text, he defines social philosophy as an attempt to elucidate the fate of human beings, insofar as they are parts of state, law, economy, religion, in short, with the entire material and spiritual culture of humanity. He criticizes Kant for grounding social philosophy in the stupefy and faculties of the particular person (Ibid 33) and praises Hegels theory as an improvement but yet questions speculative metaphysics and their tendencies to celebrate a higher transcendental sphere of being and meaning over concrete existence. (ibid38-39). Horkheimer act to defend the importance for critical social theory and envisaged a program of supra-disciplinary research which would investigate current social and political problems. Philosophers, sociologists, economists, historians, and psychologists would be united in and ongoing research community who would do together what in other disciplines one individual does alone in a lab oratory, which is what genuine scientists have always done namely to pursue the bulky philosophical question using the most refined scientific methods to explicate and to make more precise the questions in the course of work as demanded by the object and to develop new methods without losing sight of the universal (ibid41). Hence we see the first steps toward the formation of critical theory in the making.It is impossible to characterize the Frankfort School as a whole since its work spanned several(prenominal) decades and involved a variety of thinkers who later engaged in sharp debates with each other. Rather, one should perceive various phases of Institute work 1) the empirical-historical studies of the Grunberg era 2) the attempts in the early to mid-1930s to establish a materialist supra-disciplinary social theory under Horkheimers directorship 3) the attempts to develop a critical theory of society during the exile consummation from about 1937 to the early 1940s 4) the dis persion of Institute members in the 1940s and the new directions sketched out by Horkheimer and Adorno 5) the return of the Institute to Germany and its work in capital of Kentucky during the 1950s and 1960s 6) the development of critical theory in various directions by Fromm, Lowenthal, Marcuse, and others who remained in the U.S. 7) the continuation of Institute projects and development of critical theory in Germany by Jurgen Habermas, Oskar Negt, Alfred Schmidt, and others in the 1970s and 1980s and finally 8) contributions to critical theory by a variety of younger theorists and scholars currently active in Europe and the United States.Kellner believes that a crisis of critical theory emerged with its fragmentation after World War II. Social theory stopped developing despite some empirical research projects and sustained meta-theoretical analyses be certain of its members, especially Adorno (Kellner, 1989). He believes that critical theory provides the most advanced theoretical perspectives within contemporary social theory from the 1930s through the early 1960s new socio-cultural developments since then have rendered obsolete some of its theses concerning on-dimensional society, the media, technology, and so on. In particular, critical theory has not continued to theorize new technologies, new developments in the media, changes in socialization practices, and new cultural developments. This is surprising as earlier contributions were precisely in these areas (Wiggershaus, 1986).Adorno did a great deal of work in social theory in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as turning out an incredible profusion of texts in the areas of literary criticism, cultural critique, philosophy, and aesthetics. His work turned from supra-disciplinary research to philosophical reflections (Kellner, 1989). Herbert Marcuse argued that Marxism had degenerated into a rigid orthodoxy and needed concrete experience to revivify the theory and that it neglected individuals problems. He was concerned about individual liberation and well-being in addition to social transformation. The intentions of his writings were of great interest, yet many were unpublished and unknown (Kellner, 1984).The theory of hegemony by Antonio Gramsci reserves a place for the intellectuals in society. Men find themselves born in a process independent of their will, they cannot simplicity it, they can seek only to understand it and guide their actions accordingly was noted to be economic determination by Marx. Gramsci was concerned to eradicate economic determinism to develop its explanatory power with respect to super-structural institutions. His holdings were that class struggle must always involve ideas and ideologies, ideas that would make the revolution and also that would prevent it. He stressed the authority performed by human agency in historical change economic crises by themselves would not subvert capitalism. He was more dialectic than deterministic he tried to develop a theory which recognized the autonomy, independence and importance of culture and ideology (Strinati, 1995).The works in the last decade relative to critical theory has followed Habermas in attempt to develop a more adequate philosophical aspect of critical theory (Heinemann, 1986). A deficit of social research and elaboration of new theoretical perspectives has come about with contributions from members of the postmodern camp who attempt to theorize the impact of new technologies, the media, and other socio-cultural developments (Kellner, 1988 and 1989).The focus on state as the location for cooperative, practical and transformative activity continues in the work of Jurgen Habermas, as does the attempt to determine the nature and limits of real democracy in complex pluralistic, and globalizing societies. Habermas work is concerned with rethinking the tradition of critical theory and German social philosophy. He has advanced that tradition in distinctive ways. His rationality consists not so such(prenominal) in the possession of knowledge and thus primarily concerned with the consistency and conten of ones beliefs, but rather in how speaking and playing subjects acquire and use knowledge (Habermas, 1984). Rationality, freedom and justice are not just theoretical issues to be explored and debated. Habermas entire work aims to defend and continue the fountainableness project over against the challenge of Webers instrumental rationality, Horkheimer and Adornos earlier critical theory and Nietzscheanism in the forms of post-structuralism as presented by Foucault and Derrida and the postmodernism of Lyotard. The reconciliation of the competition of claims of the reason of the life and the world are contributions of Habermas to contemporary and social theory. His account and his answers are not complete, but raise questions without losing the hope of continued research (Rasmussen, 1990).People render conditions and deal with them. Their opinions influence the thought s of others. In his theory, Habermas fails to incorporate or appreciate gender and racial inequality. Habermas calls for particular reconstructive sciences, whose aim it is to render theoretically explicit the intuitive, pre-theoretical know-how central such basic human competences as speaking and understanding, judging, and acting. It is not certain if Habrmas theories are built on a conception of the world in which essentialist characteristics (middle class, white, males, or class) dominate. Historically discourses of rationality and progress have sided with men over women (Stanley and Pateman, 1991). Certain valuable elements are cited of by Selya Benhabib (1986) that can provide basis for a big normative critique of contemporary society.An excerpt from Critical Theory and Society A Reader testify is a stylistic vehicle with its inherently stripped quality is the logical form for generating anti-systemic claims and fostering the existence of reflexivity perhaps best describes the logic that inspired Bronner and Kellner to publish this book. Within is a collection of germinal testifys, many appearing in English for the first time, which provides an excellent overview of the critical theory developed by the Frankfurt School. An essay is a short work that treats of a topic from an authors personal point of view, often taking into account subjective experiences and personal reflections upon them (Wikipedia). What better way can a criticism be announced than through an essay? Personal opinions are relished because they may have something within their contents that was not seen by others. In the essay Le Prix Du Progress by Max Horkheimer exemplifies the nature of discussions that were presented to the early theorists. A French physiologist, Pierre Flourens, was disenchanted with the use of chloroform. He states his belief, and cites his reasoning. The essay ends with Horkheimers comments. evenhandedly in the form of an editorial for a newspaper, but yet an answer is given. A concern was presented a problematic thought was answered. Another famous essay by Theodor Adorno elaborates on close IndustryReconsidered. In it Adorno explains the term culture industry, corrects inconsistencies from a prior publication and remarks on the term mass culture (from The Culture Industry Selected Essays on Mass Cuture London Routledge, 1991). In Critical Theory and Society A Reader are allow ind the works of Horheimer, Erich Fromm, Lowenthal, Pellock, Herbert Marcuse, to mention a few.The time realm of critical theory displays evidence that modern culture needs to redefine the conclusions of its predecessors. The understanding of theories, imply that they have to be updated continually to include new circumstances. Modernization has to be critiqued to include the changing of the times. We should be concerned with something other than uncovering the past. Instead we should reinvigorate the present, salvage the Enlightenment legacy, and contest thos e who would institutionally freeze its radicalism and strip away its protest character (Israel, 2001). The inclusion of the way people act and why they act can begin with critical theory of family. Family history provides an example of some of the theoretical deficiencies as in social scenes. The family is attacked and defended with equal vehemence. With a dominant empiricist tradition, historians have come to the field of family history without a clear sense of what the significant questions are. They have not self-consciously theorized the family as a field of investigation. Instead they began by adopting the conventional wisdom of sociology which, goes back for Federic Le Play (LOrganisation de la famille selon le vrai modele signale par lhistoire de toutes les races et de tous les temps Paris, 1871), and saw a broad change in the family from an extended form of the Middle Ages to a nuclear form of modernity (Shorter, 1975). From the family come the leaders of the world. Understa nding distinct family structures enables an outline to the future tasks of its members. The tendency of Marxist social theorists is to view the family as a dependent variable, a secondary structure, unintelligible in its own right, which will change after the revolution. The family is an intelligible as a structure (Morgan, 1975) composed of race, religion, gender, which cut these factors towards their beliefs.From a Gramscian perspective the mass media have to be interpreted as an instrument to spread and reinforce dominant hegemony or they can be use to spread counter-hegemonic ideas too. Pop culture and the mass media are subject to the output signal, reproduction and transformation of hegemony through the institution of civil society which cover the areas of cultural production and consumption. Hegemony operates culturally and ideologically through the institutions of civil society which characterizes mature liberal-democratic, capitalist societies. These institutions include education, the family, the church, the mass media, popular culture, etc. (Strinati, 1995 168-169).From Strinatis point of view the main problem with Gramscis ideas is the same as the the Frankfurt Schools theories and Althussers work their Marxist background. The framework does not allow history to rebut the theory, and the interpretation of reality becomes rather elementary.Critical Theory offers an approach to distinctly normative issues that cooperates with the social sciences in a nonproductive way. Its domain is inquiry into the normative dimension of social activity, in particular how actors employ their practical knowledge and normative attitudes from complex perspectives in various sorts of contexts. It also must consider social facts as problematic situations from the point of view of variously situated agents. In conclusion, Kellner feels that in order to find a way out of the contemporary crisis of social theory, it must develop new perspectives. Critical Theory should be responded to with theoretical analyses of developments within the capitalist economy and of changes in class stratification, the labor process, new technologies, the media, and politics. The central claims of critical theory should be emphasized by those who wish to revitalize it in an attempt to politicize it with new social movements and existing political struggles to build a better society. The development of both its analysis of the present situation and a new politics is in order to become once again the cutting edge of radical social theory (Kellner, 1989). Critical theory enables the development and refinement of the ability to engage in comments as critics, through movements encompassed around incomprehensible situations of society. All productive and concerned citizens should be the empowered critical agents that are able to question, challenge and contribute toward the progress of transformation of the prevailing spatial relation quo within the communities, societies, and cultures that are worked in to help maintain and reproduce every day. In relation citizens should not only be inescapably interested, but also vitally important as participants to opinionate on theory (Nowlan).BIBLIOGRAPHYAgger, Ben. 1993. The Discourse of Domination From the Frankfurt School to Postmodernism. Northwestern University Press. January.Bronner, Stephen Eric. 2002. Critical Theory Its Theorists. Routledge Publishers 2nd Edition. April.Bronner, Stephen Eric and Douglas Keller. 1989. Critical Theory and Society A Reader. New York and London Routledge.Glendening, Marc. 2003. Visions for a democratic Europe. Brussels, December 12.Habermas, J. 1987. The Theory of Communicative Action. Volumes 1 and 2. Boston Beacon Press.Heinemann, Benhabib, Seyla. 1986. Critique, Norm, and Utopia. New York Columbia University Press.Horkheimer, M, 1982. Critical Theory. New York Seabury Press.Israel, Jonathan. 2001. Radical Enlightenment Philosophy and theMaking of Modernity 1650 -1750. Oxford University Press.Kellner, Douglas. 1984. Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism. London and Berkeley Macmillian and University of California Press. 1988. Postmodernism as Social Theory Some Problems and Challenges, Theory, Culture Society, Vol. 5 240-269. 1989. Critical Theory, Marxism, and Modernity. Cambridge and Baltimore ordinance Press and John Hopkins University Press.Leitch, Vincent B. et al. (eds), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism (New York/London W.W. Norton, 2001.Morgan, D.H.J. Social Theory and the Family. London, 1975.Nowlan, Bob. Introduction What Is Critical Theory and Why Study It? University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. September 21, 2001.Stanley, L and Pateman, C. 1991. libber Interpretations and Political Theory. Cambridge Polity.Rasmussen, D. 1990. Reading Habermas. London Blackwell.Shorter, Edward. The Making of the Modern Family. New York. 1975.Strinati, Dominic. 1995. An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture. Rouyledge , London.Wiggershaus, Rolf. 1986. Die Frankfurter Schule. Munich Hanser.Wikipedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay

Theories on the Gender Pay Gap

Theories on the Gender Pay GapAustralian wo custody earn about 83 cents for every $1 a earth earns, according to a new report analysing the sex commit gap. Linda McDowell suggests that sexualityed assumptions view as a range of specifys on contemporary fertiliseplaces. Analyse the grammatical sexual practice even up gap, savory with the theorists you have studied this semester.INTRODUCTIONAs Linda McDowell suggests, gendered assumptions coming from heteronormative ideals and rules significantly influence contemporary utilisationplaces. This subsequently effects in the gender hire gap (1995). This paper seeks to critically analyse the influences emanating from gendered assumptions on contemporary workplaces. Additionally, the link between these assumptions and the gender redress gap will be examined. This will be executed by dint of examining the impacts of heteronormativity, which result in a never-ending binarised cycle that perpetuates the gender pay gap. Further, the possible altercates to gendered assumptions introduced by Judith Butler will be examined. However, to ensure a well-rounded analysis, the shortcomings of these challenges, and the disloyal power of hegemonic masculinity will also be discussed. WHAT IS THE GENDER PAY GAP?The gender pay gap in ordering is something thatis deemed distressingly homely, and continues to steadily control wo hands in fellowship (McDowell 2014 p.829). In Australia, the Gender pay gap refers to thediscrepancy in pay between men and women in employment. trustworthy statisticshighlight that full-time working women earn 84% of a mans pay, making the genderpay gap sit at 16%. (WGEA, 2017, p.8). From this, it is obvious that pass aroundis necessary. However, progress is non hardly slow, scarcely proving to be difficult,as the gender pay gap twenty years ago was sitting at 17%, meaning that it hastaken up to two decades to improve womens pay by a mere 1% (WGEA, 2017, p.8).This is highly declaratory of the strongh grizzly that institutionalise genderedassumptions have over the manpower, even in the twenty-first century.A key theorist on the gender pay gap, LindaMcDowell, states that women in the workplace have fought to score theright to be there at all (1995,p.80). This idea that women need to gain rightsto earn money is embedded in historical ideologies that argon non only out-dated only if still guide the lives of many women today. Early feminist interventions toimprove access to work and pay rates are still ongoing, such as the Liberal libbermovement. The Liberal Feminist movement began in the early 1800s, with the aimof providing women with rights equal to those of men in education, the workforceand in nightclub (Tong, 1989). Although some of the endeavours of the movement havebeen achieved, such as women acquiring corporate and authoritative jobs thatwere once male-dominated, there are new barriers (Bishom-Rapp, S &Sargeant, M, 2016). The gender pay gap is one of the most significant newbarriers implemented by institutions to prevent further development of genderequality in the workforce.The gender pay gap can be seen as originatingfrom the three glass hoods embedded in contemporary society, andsubsequently, contemporary workplaces (Bishom-Rapp, S & Sargeant, M,2016,p. 102). The term glass ceilings refers to the invisible barriers thatwomen tolerate as they approach the top of the corporate hierarchy. This termwas established by the Glass Ceilings Commission, which sought-after(a) to identify theglass ceiling barriers, and remove the blockages to advancement of women andminorities in employment (USDOL, 1995). The commission found there were threelevels of barriers. The first barrier is relates to prejudice and bias, comingfrom educational opportunities, or lack thereof. The second barrier is touch onwith the internal structures of a business. These structures are controllableby the business. They relate to the corporate climate and what i s referred toas pipeline barriers that come from lack of training and career development,which leads to the hinder of possible career advancement (Bishom-Rapp, S& Sargeant, M, 2016,p. 103). The final barrier is concerned with thegovernment, and the lack of law enforcement, combined with dissemination ofinformation about glass ceiling issues (Bishom-Rapp, S & Sargeant, M, 2016,p. 103). Although these three barriers cannot solely justify the widespreadhold that the gender pay gap has on contemporary workplaces, they seek topinpoint where the gender pay gap stems from, allowing work to be done inaddressing these areas. HETERONORMATIVITY IN CONTEMPORARY WORKFORCES With the fundamental aspects of the gender paygap now having been examined, the forces that perpetuate the existence of thissignificant issue inside society require analysis. The most pressing force isthe concept of heteronormativity, which is a baneful gender assumption that hasa substantial influence on contemporary workfo rces. Heteronormativity can bedefined as a body of lifestyle norms, in which people tend to reproducedistinct and complementary color genders (man and woman) (Herz & Johannson,2015, p.1011). In contemporary society, heteronormativity is deemed to keepwomen in (within its confines) andalso keeps women down, that is,subordinated (Jackson, 1999). Feminist discourse surrounding heteronormativityrose in second-wave feminism, the movement that broadened the feminist debateto address issues of contrast and knowledgeableity, as well as workplacedifficulties for women (Evans 1995). However, the origins of the normalisedheterosexual label within society can go back to the historical and culturaldepictions of men and women from the 18th century (Boe & Coykendall,2014). Thoughheteronormativity has a substantial presence within history and society, itsimpact as a gendered assumption within contemporary workforces is substantial.As heteronormativity conditions men and women to act a certain w ay according totheir sex (which is also historically and socially defined), it leaves womenboxed in. Heteronormativity and thestrict, reinforced gender binaries within society shine the systems ofoppression, and the construction of gender hierarchies (Herz & Johannson,2015, p.1011). In order to maintain a hold on society, ideas of conforming tohyper-heteronormative behaviours are reinforced by institutions within society.Subsequently, these societal influences make noise into education, family-lifeand in particular, the workforce. Although women have gained the right tocoexist with men in contemporary workplaces, strict gender binaries preventwomen from career development, strengthened abilities, and subsequently reinforcethe gender-pay gap. The work of Angela McRobbie, a key theorist in the area of gender variety in the workforce is highly pertinent to this discussion. McRobbies concept of the post-feminist masquerade highlights the harmful impact of gender assumptions in contem porary workforces (2007). McRobbie critiques the hyper-gendered performances women have been encouraged to engage in, as they place emphasis on the sexed body, and in turn gender differences. The post-feminist masquerade is a means for patriarchal law and hegemonic masculinity to gain dominance against feminism (McRobbie, 2007, p. 723). Hegemonic masculinity refers to the configuration of gender practice, which embodies the currently accepted fare to the problem of legitimacy of patriarchy which guarantees the dominant position of men, and the subordination of women (Bartholomaeus, 2013, p.280). This is done through encouraging women to engage in feminine consumer culture, so as to reinscribe their womanhood in the workplace (McRobbie, 2007). These hyper-gendered performances include subscribing to common feminine practices, such as wearing tight skirts, high heels and a face full of make up to assert their muliebrity (McRobbie, 2007, p.722). As women are encouraged to perform hy per-femininity, institutions are able to reinforce fear of retribution from abandoning heteronormativity in the workplace. This forces women back within the unbendable gender binary, creating an even greater divide between men and women in the workspace, ultimately perpetuating the gender pay gap. THE LINK TO THE GENDER PAY GAP AND THE REPERCUSSIONS base on the analysis to date, the harmful nature of gender assumptions in the workplace has been examined. However, the way that these gendered assumptions impact the gender pay gap requires concentrated analysis. Gender assumptions have a direct link to thegender pay gap, as they dictate the field of work that many women are in. Womenare significantly overrepresented in the last(a) paying occupations, asfemale-dominated jobs pay far less than male-dominated jobs (Ting, 2017).Feminised jobs include those relating to care-taking or domestic tasks, such asnursing, cleaning and childcare. These sex-segregated jobs are clearlyindicative of the roles ascribed to women within heterosexual discourse. These feminised jobs stems from what is knownas the caregiver manakin. This model is a historical regime that took theinherent caregiver role of women, and limited their employment to areasrelating to this heteronormative ideal (McRobbie, 2007). As more women are found in jobs that abide bythe caregiver model, the influence of this troublesome ancient structure todayis evident (McRobbie, 2007, p.730)However, this caregiver model cannot explainthe fact that the gender pay gap in Australia has been found to exist in morethan 1,000 occupations (Ting, 2017). This is due to the fact that men inworkplaces are promoted into higher positions rather than their femalecounterparts (Jaffee, 1989, p.377). This is problematic, as there is somewhat a double-disadvantage coming from thesejobs. Women in feminised occupations are twice disadvantaged- first by beingin a female field, and second by being a woman in that field, since men mak emore than women, even in female handle(Bishom-Rapp & Sargeant, 2016, p. 137).Additionally, women in corporate jobs face vertical segregation. Vertical segregation refers to the exclusion of women from organisational positions of autonomy and authority, due to the sex differences within workplaces (Jaffee, 1989, p.387). Thus, the gender pay gap not only stems from the one area of feminised jobs, but also from a lack of career advancement that is within the power of organisations in society. According to Wolf and Fligstein, the sexual differences in power in the work lopting are an important factor generating inequality in earnings between men and women (1979, 235). This highlights how ideas about the femininity of women baffle contemporary workforce standards, as women are expected to perform work according to their performance of heterosexuality. Further, the long-term disadvantages that comefrom gendered assumptions and the subsequent gender pay gap will be criticallyanalysed. Not only does the gender pay gap lead to disadvantage for women in social,financial and personal situations, but also leads to lifetime disadvantage. Lifetimedisadvantage refers to the factors that lead to the retirement ills of manywomen (Bishom-Rapp & Sargeant, 2016, p. 190). Thatis, the hazards that women face from being unequally paid. As women go intoretirement, they are at risk of experiencing the critical impact of the genderpay gap. Women subsequently earn less over their lifetime, which results inlower superannuation, and a risk of poverty in old age. In 2012, 21.7% of womenaged over 65 were at risk of poverty, whereas only 16.3% of men were likely toexperience poverty (Bishom-Rapp & Sargeant, 2016, p. 116). Genderinequality in the workforce not only reflects current social position and powerinequalities, but it also leads to detrimental outcomes of lifetimedisadvantage for women. TACKLING THE GENDER BINARY Although gendered assumptions continue to driveworkplaces, there a re ways to tackle this blatant discrimination that womenface in employment. According to leading gender theorist, Judith Butler, thereis a means to challenge heteronormativity, which forms the foundation for thegender pay gap. Butler believes that gender is reiterated through regulatorypractices, and is culturally constructed through the heterosexual matrix (Butler,1990, p.9). The heterosexual matrix refers to the re-stabilisation of genderthrough women repeatedly engaging in feminised behaviours and appearances(Butler, 1990). Therefore, the sexed body only gains significance from itsconstant reification and institutionalised endorsement within society. As thegender binary requires engagement by society, an inherent instability withinthis social construct can be made out (Butler, 1990, p11). Because of this, women are able to exploitgendered assumptions through their constant backup, as it becomesobvious to those looking to challenge it. Women in the workforce have alreadytaken cha rge in this area, as the overall gender pay gap in full-timeemployment decreased in 2015 to 2016 (WGEA, 2017,p.15).By viewing sex and gender as something culturally, historically and socially constructed, society will be able to define themselves with their own limitations and freedoms by challenging these constructed ideals. In particular, the feminist movement will make significant headway in this area through challenging normative heterosexuality. This effect will reverberate in the workforce, as the structures seeking to restrain women from challenging hegemonic masculinity will destabilise. The gender pay gap, in particular, has improved among men and women in trades including machinery operating and building, decreasing by 4% in terms of total remuneration between 2015 and 2016 (WGEA, 2017, p. 16). This is indicative of the progress being made by women in challenging the preconceived capabilities of their bodies. By going beyond the behaviours of gender that limit their capabi lities, they are able to challenge both gender constructs and inequality in the workforce.AsMcDowell suggests, womens sexed bodies are threatening in the workplace forthe very reason that they are not meant to be there -They challenge the orderof things (1995,p.80). Not only have women challenged order through enteringthe workforce they have also challenged the very incorporated foundation of theorder. This provides women with the meansto break through the metaphorical glass ceilings that limit equality in theworkplace. Additionally, if women persevered with obtaining both equality andequity, it would liberate not only women but also human personality from thestraitjacket of gender (Herz & Johannson, 2015, p.1010). Therefore, byfurthering the feminist movement, those reinforcing hegemonic masculinity andthe institutions that enforce gendered assumptions will be disembodied. Thisincludes the governing of each individual of society through the heterosexualmatrix. THE PARADOX THAT IS GENDER EQUALITYIn current gender studies, there are now waysto challenge gender assumptions that feed the gender pay gap. However, thegender pay gap is not in steady decline, and is expected to hold its position,if not rise in areas of managerial roles (WGEA, 2017, p. 6). As individuals areprovided with the previously mentioned means to challenge the reification ofgender binaries, the institutional stronghold over sex and gender conceptionstightens, finding new ways to reduce these challenges. By virtue of the fact that women are enteringthe workforce and fighting for equal pay, hegemonic masculinity is weakened.Because of this, institutions use any perceived gender equality improvements toset the fight back, rather than enhance it. This can be seen through the concept of attribution of capacity enunciated by Angela McRobbie (2007). This attribution of capacity refers to the freedom given to women in the workforce. In a post-feminist context, women are provided with roles of accoun tability and autonomy, with the expectation of embodying a strong, can-do attitude to work. However, McRobbie argues that these improvements are instead reinscription of hegemonic masculinity, leading to drawbacks in the fight for equal pay. Women are invited to recognise themselves as privileged subjects and are expected to be grateful for achieving (with a fight) the fundamental human right of equality (McRobbie, 2007, p, 722). As institutions have reach this control over who enters the workforce, they apply new barriers under the faade of equality. Women are now expected to be accomplished subjects who can come forward, however this is only on the condition that feminism fades away despite neither equality nor equity being achieved (McRobbie, 2007, p.720). Therein lies what Raewyn Connell refers to as the patriarchal dividend, which is the advantage given to men as a group from maintaining inequality within society (2009). Monetary income from the workforce is just one of the be nefits, in addition to respect, safety, institutional power and autonomy. (Connell, 2009, p.142). From the reinforcement of hegemony, the patriarchal dividend and gender binaries within society as a response to feminist movements, women are once again placed back into the labels and categories that they first sought to escape from, subverting years of feminist work. Additionally, the critique of the VirginAtlantic 25 years Still red-hot highlights the drawback that women face inthe postfeminist struggle for equality (Duffy et al., 2016). The obligate critiquesthe marketing strategies used to evoke idealised gender appearances in apostmodern context in order to facilitate the perpetuation of gender binaries. The advertisement ultimately utilises good old-fashioned sexism whilesimultaneously distancing themselves from it, which suggests that theinstitutions that seek to retain a hold over postmodern feminism have utilisedthe newfound freedom of women and bent it to their will, making women slaves intheir own emancipation (Duffy et al., 2016, p. 266). CONCLUSIONUltimately, by examining the structures within the contemporary workforce, the gender pay gap has been critically analysed. By examining the institutionalised gender binaries entrenched within society, the root causes of the gender pay gap have been established and evaluated. The analysis reveals that through heteronormativity and the enforcement of gender binaries, the gender pay gap is perpetually reified, with lifelong effects. Although Butler provides an outlet for change through challenging these binaries, the institutional stronghold over the sexed body and its link to societal outcomes proves to be rigidly in place, as discussed by a key theorist studied within the unit, Angela McRobbie.REFERENCE LIST1. Bartholomaeus,C (2013) Colluding With or ambitious Hegemonic Masculinity.Australian FeministStudies, vol. 28, pp. 279-293. 2. Bishom-Rapp, S & Sargeant, M (2016) Lifetime disadvantage, discriminati on and the gendered workforce. Cambridge University press. 3. 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